2. Materials and techniques
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
Specifically, the newest WBQ will bring: (A) data to the profile of fellow member; (B) tape out-of consumption into the period of the earlier day away from strong and you can fluid dinner, drinking water or beverages regarding a semi-decimal eating regularity questionnaire (FFQ) of 58 edibles validated to possess quoting time consumption plus the extra glucose and you will honey that is placed into drinks; and you will (C) quote away from physical activity using their the In the world Physical exercise Survey (IPAQ) , and this information time of physical activity within around three interest account (intense, average, mild take action) or sedentary criteria. The latest IPAQ has been verified in earlier times because a mix-federal appliance getting tape physical exercise [20,21,22] and to guess time cost.
The energy and you can drinking water stuff of submitted dishes and you will products was assessed utilizing the Eating plan Investigation Also (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, California, USA), and that spends composition investigation on USDA National Nutrient Databases and you will picked Greek products (we.age., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yoghurt, lentiles kidney beans soup, several Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . Considering total opportunity consumption and energy cost, opportunity harmony is analyzed as well.
Within this analysis, “drinks” refers to fresh fruit juices otherwise manufactured juice 100% in the place of glucose content, sugar-sugary drinks (SSDs) (fruit nectar which have sugar, sodas having sugar and effort/isotonic beverages), low-calorie sodas, beverage and you will natural infusions, milk products (all kinds of whole milk, delicious chocolate milk Israel naiset treffit products and you may cocoa take in), milkshake and you can sherbets, coffee-and coffee beverages, and alcoholic beverages (alcohol, drink as well as brand of alcoholic beverages). “Take in time intake (DEI)” describes energy consumption out-of beverages “total energy intake (TEI)” to times intake of every supply and you may “time intake out of delicacies” in order to opportunity intake from strong and you may fluid dishes (age.grams., soups). This new share regarding beverages groups to help you full time consumption (investigation of Malisova ainsi que al. 2013), shown due to the fact total intake of water (TWI), i.elizabeth., liquid regarding beverages, liquid, good and you will liquid products and also as drink drinking habits (DWI), i.e., liquid regarding beverages and you may liquids.
step three. Statistical Studies
Answers are shown because the suggest ± sd toward generally speaking delivered parameters and you may median (P25–P75) to your skewed of them. Normality is tested using the chances–likelihood plot (P–P spot) and you can histograms. Differences between anyone about your total energy intake, energy from products, time away from food, time costs, time equilibrium, intake of water, water off drinking water and you will beverages, h2o away from beverages, water out of water, liquid away from dinners, h2o loss and h2o balance had been assessed on separate attempt t-sample towards normally delivered parameters and the Mann-Whittney U-sample into the skewed ones. Furthermore, differences between brand new four quartiles of energy of products was basically examined for the one-means ANOVA F-test into the generally distributed parameters as well as the Kruskal-Wallis H Test with the skewed of these. Value level is actually set at the 5%. Correlations involving the sum away from drinks to help you drinking habits inside the loved ones so you’re able to time in the wintertime and you may june were checked from the Pearson’s or Spearman’s relationship coefficients to have generally distributed otherwise skewed parameters. Most of the statistical analyses did using PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).